Let the poor work and the rich make money out of money


There are two kinds of Economic theories. The first one are focused on the fiscal side of the economy, their main item is to maximize the production and employment. The second kind claims “MONEY is the major item of the economic activity”. All those who are emphasizing the threats of unemployment and reduction of production caused by Moneys scarcity, endanger its value and its sanctity. But the skilled defenders of the Money are protecting it from all these Keynesian-Fiscal minded economists. They have other matters to take care of than employment and production. Their interest is focused on saving their idol, THE MONEY and its institution of papacy, the bank system and financial markets. Let the poor countries produce the products and employ the masses. The rich countries, will make money out of money and pay unemployment fees to the masses, to keep them out of the streets, and best in the pubs.

Public deficit=private savings


http://www.economonitor.com/blog/2012/05/why-cant-people-understand-national-accounting/#idc-container

Rightly said,  “public deficit=private savings”, but then you have several problems you did not mentioned.
1) Whole your model speaks about Cash flow and “Public Deficit= Private Savings”, what about the balance sheet? The depletion of the asset value, caused by wrong investments?
2) What if the private savings is external of your currency region The government may lose its independence to regulate trade deficit.
3) To much “deficite-savings”, “Reduces the Currency Value=Depreciation of the currency”. It can be visible as inflation and currency depreciation or hidden, as the mountains of government reserves hold by foreign governments. (US government bonds in Chinese+Japanese safes).
4) Rightly said by LCR, the US has not only public deficit but also negative private savings. How is it possible according to your model? Probably;
a. Point 3) above
b.US economy creates continuously new asset values, that are commercialized to  investors many of them foreign, like new start-ups publicly traded  companies. This of course causes huge inequality in the income. This is why has the US economy the biggest inequality in income in the western world and not so much because of the tax system. I would say in contrary, in Europe my be the tax legislation more progressive than in USA, but the tax leakage is so common, (because of the independence of tax collection of each individual country, including Lichtenstein, Cyprus. etc.) that it is hard to speak about progressive tax collection at all.
c. The real estate market of USA is continuously creating new values, because of growing population and growing economy. From while to while (lately every 20 years) this market collapses, and erases the private investors asset values, reducing by it the public debt too, since “Reduced Asset Value= Reduced Liquidity”, and the government can supplement this lack of liquidity by printing money, and that’s what is happening now in USA and gradually in Europe too.

The conclusion;, at the end of the party the bill has to be paid. How the USA will pay its bill for 35 years of public deficit and reduced private savings? Probably by inflation or currency depreciation or both, or if we are lucky with some NewApple company shares or pieces of real estate.

חברות דירוג אשראי עבור 4 מיליארד דולר


חברות דירוג אשראי, כמה הן עולות?

שיעורי הריבית על האג”ח של מדינות השונות נקבע במידה רבה לפי המלצות של חברות דירוג אלה. שלושת חברות הדירוג הגדולות הן;י

  S&P, Moody’s, and Fitch,

ובשנת 2011 הכנסתן הגיע ל- 4.3 מיליארד דולר אמריקאי.י



לכאורה עבור סכום זה של 4.3 מיליארד היה ניתן לצפות שחברות הדירוג יספקו ניתוח אמין בעוד מועד לסכנות העורבות לבעלי איגרות החוב.



למרבה הפלא אם נתבונן בתרשים לעיל המייצג דירוג החוב היווני על ידי S&P, Moody’s ניתן לראות, כי עד סוף 2009 שתי סוכנויות דירוג האלה דירגו את יוון בדירוג גבוהה ביותר.

Moody’s

אף הרחיקה לכת ודירגה את יוון בנובמבר 2009 דירוג

A+

כלומר “רמה גבוהה של ייתכנות לכבד את התחייבויותיה”. האם יתכן כי בתחילת 2010 משהו מהותי השתנה בכלכלת יוון, אשר גרמה לפתע להוריד דרמתית את שווי ההערכה של יוון?



אם נתבונן בתרשים לעיל, אנו מוצאים באופן מפתיע כי הגירעון בחשבון השוטף היוונית כאחוז מהתמ”ג הגיעה לשיא של 15% ב- 2008, ולמרות צמיחה שלילית של התוצר מאז 2008 הגירעון בחשבון השוטף כאחוז מהתמ”ג הלך וירד. לפי כך הכלכלה היוונית בתחילת 2009 לא הייתה במצב טוב יותר מאשר בסוף 2008, אז איך יתכן, ש

S&P-

 ומודיס לא ידעו בתחילת 2009 מה שהיא ידע בסופה?י

בהנחה כי גופים אלה מעסיקים את אנשי המקצוע הטובים בעולם, כנראה משהו מאוד בסיסי לקוי בשיטות הערכה.  אם כך, האם אנחנו יכולים לסמוך על הערכות החדשות. האם הם לא עושים טעויות להן יכולות להיות השלכות חמורות ביותר ?י

אם נתבונן בהתפתחות האחרונה בדירוגי האשראי של מדינות אנו מוצאים את התרשים הבא;י



משמעות הדירוגים האלה ניתן לראות בלוח הבאה:


בעקבות המשבר הכלכלי ובהשפעת הקריטריונים של מאסטריכט, הדיון הציבורי על עוצמתם הכלכלית של מדינות מתמקדת בעיקר בשלושה קריטריונים;

א. היחס בין התוצר מקומי נקי לגירעונות תקציביים של הממשלות,

ב. היחס בין התוצר לחוב מצטבר (ציבורי ופרטי),י

ג. היחס בין התוצר לחשבון השוטף במאזן התשלומים.י

קריטריונים אלה נותנים תמונה חלקית בלבד על מצב המשקים השונים. אם ננסה לתרגם את הקריטריונים האלה למונחים מוכרים מעולם העסקי ולא של מדינות, יחס התוצר לחוב הממשלתי מייצג תזרים מזומנים שנתי בין הממשלה לבין המגזר הפרטי, היחס בין התוצר לחשבון השוטף מייצג אחוז הגרעון של זרמי הכספים מהמדינה לארצות אחרות, והחוב המצטבר מייצגת את כלל ההתחייבויות של המדינה בכלל זה החוב של כול האזרחים והחוב הממשלתי ביחס לתוצר. הצגה אינה מתייחסת להיקף הנכסים של המדינה ושיעור צמיחה שנתי של הנכסים האלה, וזאת למרות שחלק העיקרי של העוצמה הכלכלית של המדינה היא הנכסים, כוללת נכסי נדל”ן, זיכיונות של חברות תשתיות שלעיתים קרובות הן בבעלות המדינה, תשתיות תחבורה, תקשורת, חינוך ובריאות, אשר בעקיפין מסייעות להגדלת רווחיותם של החברות עסקיות, ומשאבי אוצרות הטבע. חברות פרטיות או ציבוריות אומנם בעקיפין נמדדות על ידי הרווחים שלהם, אשר מהווים חלק מהתוצר, אולם שעור צמיחת שווי הנכסי של חברות האלה, ששונה בין המדינות, לא מוצא את ביטויו במדדים שצוינו לעיל. כשיטת אלטרנטיבית להערכת עוצמתן הכלכלית של מדינות השונות, הייתי מציע לנסות להוסיף מדד הערכת שווי נכסי של נכסים שהזכרתי לעיל, והיחס של הנתון הזה לסה”כ ההתחייבויות של המדינה ושל הממשלה. לשיטה זאת יש כמובן חסרונות רבים, כמו הצורך להעריך ערך הנכסים על פי מחיר השוק, שכידוע בעתות משבר מחירו יורד ובעתות גאות עולה. שלא לדבר על הקושי בהערכת שווי של הנכסים האלה שחלקים לא סחירים במהותם. בכל מיקרה שווה לבחון אפשרות יצירת מתודולוגיה, אשר תבנה מדד כזה. במקרה הגרוע ייווצרו מקומות עבודה לכמה כלכלנים צעירים.י

Will the Greek beaches be beautiful and lonely?


 

http://www.economonitor.com/edwardhugh/2012/05/20/can-this-really-be-europe-we-are-talking-about/#idc-container

Edward, thanks for your informative article. Yes there is a big problem. I happened to be in 1 of May in Athens and met some young communists there, who explained what they want. They want to stay in Euro Zone but without austerities. And they are right, there is probably no way to get them out, and as punishment probably it would be wise to stop to transfer liquidity to the Greek banks. But if not, this money probably will come anyway back to German and French banks as direct transfers of Greek deposits to safe heaven. But then, if the Drachma comes back and will be depreciated, then the Euros will come back to Greece and this money will create a huge inflation with appreciation of the Drachma. Exactly this happened in Israel in 1977 with the liberalization of the foreign currency trade, that brought inflation of hundred of percents, viz; my articles,;

https://rodeneugen.wordpress.com/2012/05/14/israeli-economic-miracle-of-1985/

https://rodeneugen.wordpress.com/2012/05/11/762/

So I don’t see any salvation to Greece unless they are ready to do by themselves something about it. Probably as you suggest, Greece will be depopulated. At least if you are looking for lonely beaches, you will have plenty of them. I am of course joking, but what else is left to us?

By the way I liked your, “History is, after all, often more about the unintended consequences of unexpected accidents than it is about plans”.

https://www.facebook.com/CleanTheEconomicMess

What’s the big fuss about Greece?


What’s the big fuss about Greece?

Greece’s GDP of 300 milliard US$ out of 15000 milliard US$ of European Union is 2%. In reality after the cut of Greece from the external credit probably half of the GDP will disappear, so it is less than 1%. So in fiscal terms if Greece would entirely stop its economy it would influence by 1% the European GDP. We already know, the Greece GDP will anyway fall to its real terms and Europe will loose statisticaly1% of its GDP. This 1% GDP in reality never existed, only in the statistics of Greece and the assets of the balance sheet of European banks and financial institutions. Yes for banks and financial institutions it will be a blow, good for them. Their practice of transferring financial resources from hard working productive economic entities of Europe, to the no-working non-productive governments, was a taxation of the strong and subsidies of the non-productive, who wasted it for personal enrichment and over-consumption (if the credit would be wisely invested, Greek economy would be in perfect state). This taxation reduced the potential growth of European economy by more than 1%. This had stopped and good that happened. Europe without these practices will be economically stronger than before. As to the banks and financial institutions, who will probably loose additional 200-250 milliard Euro, will be forced to take loans to save themselves.  The best provider of these loans should be ECB, and if these rescue loans will be cleverly done, they will be swapped to equity, giving the ECB, decisive position in the banks and financial institutions. I know it is nationalization, but should we be so afraid of it. Did the previous owners of the banks done so well that they are irreplaceable? Yes the owners will loose part of their assets (and some of them are pension funds and small investor), But then isn’t all the modern economic system based on penalties for mistakes and mismanagement? Did not come the time, to punish all those financial Barons, who created this mess in the European and World economy?

Israeli economic miracle of 1985


Israeli economic miracle of 1985

Thank you for the article of Stanley Fisher. From late seventies and eighties of the last century I used to work in the budget department of Israli treasury, and my point of view is very different from that of Stanley Fisher, who is central banker. S.Fisher emphasizes naturally the monetary policy is a major tool to achieve price stabilization, while I saw manly the fiscal side of the story.

http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2000/wp00178.pdf

To start with, it is important to understand Israeli economic and demographic development. You have to remember 1965 Israel had population of 2 million people, at 1985 about 4 million, and in 2012 about 8 million. This huge increase in population and mainly the 1990-1991 immigration of almost 1 million mostly adult, highly educated, highly motivated, ready for hardship people, from USSR, that increased the Israeli population by almost 20%, was accompanied with even higher economic growth.

Until 1974, most of the industry, and banks were directed either directly by government, or by General Union of Israeli Workers (Histadrut) and cooperative movements, both under the umbrella of the ruling Social party. Between 1973-1977 after 1973 war, ruled still the Social Party government but under new personalities. They started a process of economic change from economics of grocery store, that was based on rules specifically created to give protection to the existing economic elites, to general rules that gradually started to canceled the protectionism. On the other front this government tried gradually to reduce the inflation that picked up, like in most of the world and more in Israel, as consequence of the high oil prices after 1973 War.

At 1977 started a new era, when new conservative government won the elections, and appointed an inexperienced treasury minister, whose first act was to release the Israeli currency from fixing it to the US$ and opened it to free fluctuation and free currency market. I remember, when the reform was prepared, the main problem of the government was how to protect itself from being depleted of the foreign reserves, but believed, the devaluation will be limited and will solve the problem of the Israeli economy. Yet the reality was very different. Since in Israel the annual inflation rate was still about 35%, the interest rate was accordingly high, instead of depleting the foreign currency reserves, short term speculative money flowed into the country, creating double effect of revaluation in real terms of the local currency (the Israeli currency was devaluated in one year by 20% against the US$, while the inflation in the same year was about 50%), and increased liquidity on the financial markets, increased even more the inflation rate that caused the farther increase in the interest rate. Finally at 1980 the treasury minister was replaced when the inflation reached already annual rate of 135 %.

While the government bonds were all fixed to inflation, the private loans mainly mortgages mostly guaranteed by the government, had long term fixed interest rates, without being fixed to inflation. This brought huge increase in the net government deficit. In the same period the government found difficulty to finance its deficit by listing its bonds, since from the early seventies, the major banks regulated their share prices by purchasing their own shares in the stock exchange market, when it had tendency to decline. This arrangement was very comfortable to the government, since the money raised by the banks, anyway financed the centralized economic system of big companies related to the government.

The public get used to purchase bank shares as a secure investment, believing, (since they were managed by the General Union of Israeli Workers, the Jewish Agency and the Government) they have guaranty from the government anyway. But then when the annual inflation reached height of 400%, the banks started to lose the resource to continue to purchase their own shares and finally at September 1983 the system collapsed.

The government out of desperation changed the bank shares valued of about 7 miliard US$ (representing then almost 30% of the Israeli GDP), for government bonds untradeable for 5 years. The Government originally wanted to fix the bonds rate to the price index, but the dollar in that time looked more stable to the public, so to try to manifest reliability, in spite of their obvious mingling, they accidentally decided to fix the bonds to US dollars. At the end of this economic carnival, the public debt reached almost 250% of the GDP. (To be precise external debt of 85% and internal debt of 140% of the GDP). Greece 2012? What a joke, an economic miracle compared to this.

Finally at 1985 a new government, headed by Shimon Peres started a new economic policy, and here are its main points:

- Government budget cut of 7.5% of the GDP that was then 1.5 milliard US$.

- The defense ministry budget was deeply cut.

- Deep cut of the basic product subsidies, (some of them increased by 70%).

- Cut in the subsidies for export. It was substituted by devaluation of 19%, and promised continued devaluation of 6% monthly as previous to the plan.

- 3% cut of the government stuff.

- Devaluation freeze, subject to the wage freeze for 3 month.

- Stopping of price indexation of the wages, and with it all the social payments connected to the wage. Instead there was agreed rate of wage increase with gradual reduction.

- General price freeze and price control for 3 month and then gradual and controlled increase of the prices.

- The freeze of money printing by the government, approved by law.

- limitation on liquidity of bank deposits fixed to the price indexes.

And many other changes that may look harsh happened, but against the reality of ten to fifteen percent monthly inflation, that prevailed in the country for several years by then, all this looked as children’s game. More than that, Israeli population since its creation sees itself threatened by the enmity of the surrounding countries. So the population is more ready to make sacrifices than in any country in Europe.

And now to the price. From the long term perspective, the main sector who paid the price, was the economic establishment of the cooperation, the agricultural cooperative settlements like the kibbutz and the economic entities connected to the Unions, that traditionally were highly leveraged to the banks, mainly to bank Hapoalim, that was managed by the same organization (the bank belonged to the public and after 1983 to the government), politically inclined to the socialistic party (workers party in translation) and its credit policy was influenced by it. Some unique social phenomena gradually disappeared from the scenery, like the kibbutzim and the cooperation. It is in a way the death of the socialistic idea, that was relatively successfully implemented in Israel. I feel sorry for that, even if i am not a socialists.

As to the Israeli government, it was lucky. The US$  lost within the next 5 years half of its value, and with it the debts of the Israeli government dropped accordingly. Israeli export also benefited from the cheap US$, the export to Europe could grow, with it the GDP and the reduction of external debt. As the economy started to be stabilized and the economy grow, mainly after 1990 with the big emigration from the collapsing USSR, the banks also were restructured, and the Israeli government sold the shares for favorable prices, eventually decreasing by it the public debt.

Curiously exactly in 1985 the crude oil price dropped to one third of its previous price, and the prices changed very favorable for Israel.

ליכוד עם כיפות סרוגות


הגיע הזמן לחשוף את האמת, ליכוד מזמן הפסיקה להיות מפלגה לאומית חילונית. המתנחלים המכונים פיגלים, לפני כ- 10 שנים הבינו שיתקשו לצאת מהמלכודת של פחות מ- 10% מהאוכלוסיה, והריבוי הטיבעי שלהם, גבוהה ככל שיהיה, נופל מזה של האוכלוסיה החרדית והערבית. לכן החליטו, שהדרך להשתלט על המדינה היא דרך בוחרי הליכוד, שמצביעים לפי המסגרת ולא לפי התמונה שבתוכה, דהינו הליכוד הוא הבית ולא משנה המדיניות שהיא מקדמת. כל מה שהיו זקוקים המפד”לניקים לעשות, זה לגייס בערך 50,000 בעלי כיפות סרוגות ממושמעים, שיצטרפו לליכוד ודרך מרכז המפלגה ינהלו אותה. אגב אתה יכול לראות אותם בכינוסי מרכז הליכוד, בה הם מככבים עם הכיפות שלהם. קדימה הייה נסיון כושל לבנות מפלגה לאומית חילונית, כאלטרנטיבה לליכוד מפד”לי. לצערי ציפי ליבני מיסמסה את הכל עם אי כניסתה לממשלת ליכוד, ולדעתי עשתה זאת מתוך שיקולים אנוכיים. אבל כעת זה כבר מאוחר. יתכן וחיבור בין קדימה והליכוד לזמן מה ישנה את מאזן הכוחות בליכוד לטובת החילוניים, אולם יהיה זה רק לזמן מה, ואם לא תקום מפלגה אלטרנטיבית ,שתסחוף אליה את הליכודניקים שאינם מפד”לניקים המתחזים לליכודניקים, אנו נמצא את עצמנו תוך כמה שנים במדינת יהודה, זה יהיה גם סופה של מדינת ישראל, אם אנחנו כבר לא נמצאים שם.ע